Who wrote the Qur’aan and how was it put together?.
Praise be to Allaah.
Firstly:
Allaah has guaranteed to preserve this
Qur’aan Himself. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):“Verily, We, it is We Who have sent down
the Dhikr (i.e. the Qur’aan) and surely, We will guard it (from corruption)”[al-Hijr 15:9]
Ibn Jareer al-Tabari said in his Tafseer, 14/8:
Allaah is saying, it is We Who have sent down the Dhikr (Reminder), i.e. the Qur’aan, and We
will guard the Qur’aan against anything false being added to it that is not part of it, or anything that is part of it being taken away, whether
that has to do with rulings, hudood punishments or matters having to do with inheritance.Al-Sa’di said in his Tafseer (p.
696):It is We Who have sent down the Qur’aan in
which there is mention of all issues and clear evidence, and in which We remind those who want to be reminded.“and surely, We will guard it” means,
when it is being revealed and after it has been revealed. When it is revealed, We protect it from the tampering of every accursed devil, and after
it has been revealed Allaah instilled it in the heart of His Messenger. Allaah protected the words from being changed and from anything being
added or taken away, or from its meanings being distorted. So no one can attempt to distort its meanings but Allaah will guide someone to explain
the truth of the Qur’aan. This is one of the greatest signs of Allaah and His blessing to His believing slaves. Another aspect of this protection
is that Allaah protects the people of the Qur’aan against their enemies, and no enemy can overpower them and eliminate them.The Qur’aan was revealed to the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) in stages over a period of twenty-three years. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):“And (it is) a Qur’aan which We have divided (into parts), in order that you might recite it
to men at intervals. And We have revealed it by stages”[al-Isra’ 17:106]
al-Sa’di (may Allaah have mercy on him)
said:This means, We have revealed this Qur’aan in
stages, to differentiate between guidance and misguidance, between truth and falsehood.“in order that you might recite it to men
at intervals” means, slowly, so that they may ponder and think about its meanings, and understand the different branches of knowledge
contained therein.“And We have revealed it by stages”
means, gradually, over a period of twenty-three years.Tafseer al-Sa’di,
p. 760.Secondly:
Literacy was not widespread among the Arabs. Allaah described them in such terms when He said
(interpretation of the meaning):“He it is Who sent among the unlettered
ones a Messenger (Muhammad) from among themselves”[al-Jumu’ah 63:2]
They used to memorize the Qur’aan by heart,
and a few of them used to write down some verses or soorahs on animal skins, thin white stones and the like.Thirdly:
At first the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) forbade the writing of anything other than the Qur’aan, and he forbade them to write down his words for a while,
so that the Sahaabah would focus on memorizing the Qur’aan and writing it down, and so that the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) would not be confused with the words of Allaah, and so the Qur’aan was protected from anything being added or taken away.Fourthly:
The Prophet (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) appointed a group of his companions who were trustworthy and knowledgeable to write down the revelation. They are known in
their biographies as those who wrote down the Revelation, such as the four Caliphs, ‘Abd-Allaah ibn ‘Amr ibn al-‘Aas, Mu’aawiyah ibn Abi Sufyaan,
Zayd ibn Thaabit and others – may Allaah be pleased with them all.Fifthly:
The Qur’aan was revealed in seven dialects as
was narrated in the saheeh hadeeth of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab (may Allaah be pleased with him) from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah
be upon him). This was narrated by al-Bukhaari (2287) and Muslim (818); these were the dialects of the Arabs which were known for their
eloquence.Sixthly:
The Qur’aan continued to be preserved in the
hearts of the Sahaabah who had memorized it, and on the skins and other materials until the time of the caliph Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq (may Allaah be
pleased with him). During the Riddah wars many of the Sahaabah who had memorized the Qur’aan were killed, and Abu Bakr (may Allaah be pleased with
him) was afraid that the Qur’aan would be lost. So he consulted the senior Sahaabah about compiling the Qur’aan in a single book so that it would
remain preserved and would not be lost. He entrusted this mission to the chief of memorizers Zayd ibn Thaabit (may Allaah be pleased with him).
Al-Bukhaari narrated in his Saheeh (4986) that Zayd ibn Thaabit (may Allaah be pleased with him) said:Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq sent for me when the
people of al-Yamaamah had been killed [i.e., a number of the Prophet's Companions who fought against the false prophet Musaylimah]. (I went to
him) and found ‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab sitting with him. Abu Bakr then said (to me), “ ‘Umar has come to me and said: ‘Casualties were heavy among
the Qurra' of the Qur'aan (i.e. those who knew the Qur’aan by heart) on the day of the battle of al-Yamaamah, and I am afraid that more heavy
casualties may take place among the Qurra' on other battlefields, whereby a large part of the Qur’aan may be lost. Therefore I suggest that you
(Abu Bakr) order that the Qur’aan be collected.” I said to 'Umar, "How can you do something that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings
of Allaah be upon him) did not do?" 'Umar said, "By Allah, this is something good." 'Umar kept on urging me to accept his proposal till Allaah
opened my heart to it and I began to realize the good in the idea which 'Umar had realized." Then Abu Bakr said (to me). “You are a wise young man
and we do not have any suspicion about you, and you used to write the Divine Inspiration for the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him). So search for (the fragmentary scripts of) the Qur’aan and compile it in one book." By Allah If they had ordered me to move
one of the mountains, it would not have been heavier for me than this ordering me to compile the Qur’aan. Then I said (to Abu Bakr), "How can you
do something that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did not do?" Abu Bakr replied, "By Allaah, it is a good
thing." Abu Bakr kept on urging me to accept his idea until Allaah opened my heart to that to which He had opened the hearts of Abu Bakr and
'Umar. So I started looking for the Qur’aan and collecting it from (what it was written on) palm stalks, thin white stones and also from the men
who knew it by heart, until I found the last Verse of Soorat al-Tawbah with Abu Khuzaymah al-Ansaari, and I did not find it with anybody other
than him. The verse is (interpretation of the meaning):"Verily, there has come unto you a
Messenger (Muhammad) from amongst yourselves. It grieves him that you should receive any injury or difficulty...” [al-Tawbah 9:128]
until the end of Soorat Baraa’ah (i.e., al-Tawbah).Then the complete manuscript (copy) of the
Qur’aan remained with Abu Bakr until he died, then with 'Umar until the end of his life, and then with Hafsah, the daughter of 'Umar (may Allaah
be pleased with him).The Sahaabi Zayd ibn Thaabit (may Allaah be
pleased with him) knew the Qur’aan by heart but he was methodical in his confirmation; he would not agree to write down any verse until two of the
Sahaabah testified that they had heard it from the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).This Mus-haf (written copy of the Qur’aan)
remained in the hands of the caliphs until the time of the Rightly-Guided Caliph ‘Uthmaan ibn ‘Affaan (may Allaah be pleased with him). The
Sahaabah (may Allaah be pleased with them) had dispersed to different lands, and they used to recite the Qur’aan according to what they had heard
of the seven recitations from the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and each of their students used to recite
according to what he had heard from his shaykh. If a student heard someone reciting in a manner different from what he knew, he would denounce him
and accuse him of making a mistake, and this went on until the Sahaabah feared that there would be fitnah (trouble) between the Taabi’een and
successive generations. So they thought that they should unite the people in following one recitation, which was in the dialect of Quraysh in
which the Qur’aan had first been revealed, so as to dispel any disputes and resolve the matter. ‘Uthmaan (may Allaah be pleased with him) was
consulted, and he agreed with this opinion.Al-Bukhaari narrated in his Saheeh
(4988) from Anas ibn Maalik that Hudhayfah ibn al-Yamaan came to ‘Uthmaan at the time when the people of Shaam (Syria) and the people of Iraq were
waging war to conquer Armenia and Azerbaijan. Hudhayfah was alarmed by their (the people of Sham and Iraq) differences in the recitation of the
Qur’aan, so he said to 'Uthmaan, "O Ameer al-Mu’mineen! Save this nation before they dispute about the Book (Qur’aan) as the Jews and the
Christians did before." So 'Uthmaan sent a message to Hafsah saying, "Send us the manuscript of the Qur’aan so that we may make copies of the
Mus-haf and we will return the manuscript to you."Hafsah sent it to 'Uthmaan. Then 'Uthmaan
ordered Zayd ibn Thaabit, 'Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr, Sa’eed ibn al-‘Aas and ‘Abd al-Rahmaan ibn Haarith ibn Hishaam to copy out the manuscripts.
'Uthmaan said to the three men who were from Quraysh (the tribe of which the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was a
member), “In case you disagree with Zayd ibn Thaabit on any point in the Qur’aan, then write it in the dialect of Quraysh, for the Qur’aan was
revealed in their tongue." They did so, and when they had written many copies, 'Uthmaan returned the original manuscripts to Hafsah.'Uthmaan sent to every Muslim province one
copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other Qur'aanic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies, be
burnt.Ibn Shihaab said: Khaarijah ibn Zayd ibn
Thaabit told me that he heard Zayd ibn Thaabit say: “When we made copies of the Mus-haf I missed a verse of al-Ahzaab that I used to hear the
Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) recite. So we searched for it and we found it with Khuzaymah ibn Thaabit
al-Ansaari. (The verse was) ‘Among the believers are men who have been true to their covenant with Allaah’ [al-Ahzaab
33:23 – interpretation of the meaning]. So we put it in its place in its soorah in the Mus-haf.”Thus an end was put to dispute and the
Muslims were united. The Qur’aan has remained and will remain narrated from generation to generation and preserved in men's hearts until the Day
of Resurrection. This is how Allaah has preserved His Book, in confirmation of the verse in which He says (interpretation of the meaning):“Verily, We, it is
We Who have sent down the Dhikr (i.e. the Qur’aan) and surely, We will guard it (from corruption)”[al-Hijr 15:9]
And Allaah knows best.
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