Tuesday, 20 December 2011

Not so smart when it comes to the Middle East

NEW YORK (CNN) -- We Americans like to think we're a pretty smart people, even when evidence to the contrary is overwhelming. And nowhere is that evidence more overwhelming than in the Middle East. History in the Middle East is everything, and we Americans seem to learn nothing from it.

President Harry Truman took about 20 minutes to recognize the state of Israel when it declared independence in 1948. Since then, more than 58 years of war, terrorism and blood-letting have led to the events of the past week.

Even now, as Katyusha rockets rain down on northern Israel and Israeli fighter jets blast Hezbollah targets in southern Lebanon, we simultaneously decry radical Islamist terrorism and Israel's lack of restraint in defending itself.

And the U.S. government, which wants no part of a cease-fire until Israel is given every opportunity to rescue its kidnapped soldiers and destroy as many Hezbollah and Hezbollah armaments as possible, urges caution in the interest of preserving a nascent and fragile democratic government in Lebanon. Could we be more conflicted?

While the United States provides about $2.5 billion in military and economic aid to Israel each year, U.S. aid to Lebanon amounts to no more than $40 million. This despite the fact that the per capita GDP of Israel is among the highest in the world at $24,600, nearly four times as high as Lebanon's GDP per capita of $6,200.

Lebanon's lack of wealth is matched by the Palestinians -- three out of every four Palestinians live below the poverty line. Yet the vast majority of our giving in the region flows to Israel. This kind of geopolitical inconsistency and shortsightedness has contributed to the Arab-Israeli conflict that the Western world seems content to allow to perpetuate endlessly.
After a week of escalating violence, around two dozen Israelis and roughly 200 Lebanese have died. That has been sufficient bloodshed for United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan and British Prime Minister Tony Blair to join in the call for an international security force, ignoring the fact that a U.N. force is already in Southern Lebanon, having failed to secure the border against Hezbollah's incursions and attacks and the murder and kidnapping of Israeli soldiers.
As our airwaves fill with images and sounds of exploding Hezbollah rockets and Israeli bombs, this seven-day conflict has completely displaced from our view another war in which 10 Americans and more than 300 Iraqis have died during the same week. And it is a conflict now of more than three years duration that has claimed almost 15,000 lives so far this year alone.
An estimated 50,000 Iraqis and more than 2,500 American troops have been killed since the insurgency began in March of 2003, which by some estimates is more than the number of dead on both sides of the Arab-Israeli conflict over the past 58 years of wars and intifadas.
Yet we have seen no rescue ships moving up the Euphrates for Iraqis who are dying in their streets, markets and mosques each day. French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin has not leaped to Baghdad as he did Beirut. And there are no meetings of the Arab League, and no U.S. diplomacy with Egypt, Syria and Jordan directed at ending the Iraqi conflict.
In the Middle East, where is our sense of proportion? Where is our sense of perspective? Where is our sense of decency? And, finally, just how smart are we?
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Did Muslims and Hindus interact during Muslim rule?

By Maqbool Ahmed Siraj

(The writer can be reached at maqbool_siraj@rediffmail.com and debunkmyth@yahoo.co.in)

Ramayana was translated into Persian at the behest of emperor Akbar. Long after Akbar, the Mughal court continued the tradition of cultural blending.

Hindus and Muslims did not live like frozen cubes all through the span of 650 years of Muslim rule in India. Lively intercourse pervaded all sectors of existence, social, political, intellectual and cultural.

The protagonists of cultural nationalism today make out a case for purging the national life of any traces of composite culture that developed in the Indo-Gangetic plains during the 650 years of Muslim rule. This has necessitated them to fabricate a history of cultural suppression of Hindus in the medieval India. Alongside has emerged a project to project a homogenized Hindu cultural identity by underplaying the fissures and contradictions within them and ignoring the cultural variety.

A closer examination of the history reveals that Muslim developed a profound cultural understanding of Indian ethos, customs, mythology and literature inasmuch as Ramayana became the most translated book in Islamic languages like Arabic, Persian and Urdu.

It is hard to share the sense of amazement of some non-Muslims when they hear that Ramayana was translated into Persian at the behest of emperor Akbar. Ramayana is not the only book that was transferred to Persian. Akbar ordered several of Sanskrit classics to be translated. A committee of scholars with cross-lingual expertise had been constituted by the Mughal court to oversee important translation assignments. Bearded maulvis trained in Sanskrit engaged in discourse with saffron robed Persian scholars. It included worthies such as Naqeeb Khan, Mulla Abdul Qadir Badayuni, Mulla Sheri and Sultan Haji Thanesari. It rendered Mahabharath into Persian and titled it Razm Namah (literally the Saga of theBatlefield). The royal ateliers were directed to illustrate and gild its pages. Ramayana was translated by Mulla Abdul Qadir Badayuni a year later. Atharva Veda was translated by Haji Ibrahim Sirhindi. Translation of Lord Krishna’s biography, Harbans was undertaken by Mullah Sheri. Badayuni took up the task of Singhasan Batisi into Persian and titled it Khurd Afza in Persian. The famous Sanskrit treatise Rajataringini by Kalhana was translated by Maulana Shah Mohammad Shahabadi. It may be recalled that it was originally commissioned by Kashmiri sultan Zainulabedin. The famous Sanskrit folktales Panchtantra were rendered into Persian by Mulla Hussain Waiz and was named Kaleela wa Dimna. Akbar found the morals of the stories too inspiring and found that the Waiz’s translation was deficient in transferring the essence. He then ordered its review by his noble courtier Abul Fazal who ultimately came up with a simple rendering and titled as Ayyar e Danish.

Malik Mohammad Jaisi (b. 1498) wrote Padmavath during the reign of Sher Shah (in 1542) and later authored Akhravat and Chitra Rekha. Padmavath is of no less literary value than Ramayana.

Abul Fazl’s elder brother Faizi translated famous Sanskrit work Leelavath into Persian and the Persian book Zeech Jadeed Mirzai into Sanskrit. On the translation board of these two works were Gangadhar, Kishen Jyotishi, Fatehullah Khan Shirazi and Abul Fazal.

Akbar himself wrote poetry in Hindi and took the pseudonym of Rai Karan. His famous couplet:
Jako jas hai jagat mein, jagat sarai jahi, Tako japon saphal hai, kahe Akbar sahi.

Akbar’s court bristled with Hindi and Sanskrit poets and scholars. Among whom Raimanohar Mol, Raja Mukund Singh, Rai Jagannath, Raja Todermal and Raja Man Singh were prominent. The list is endless. The general encouragement accorded to Indian languages led to blossoming of Hindi as a lingua franca. Leading Hindi poets like Haridas, Surdas, Tulsi Das, Ras Khan, Nandas, Kabir Das, Raheem Khankahnan, Chaturbhuj Das, Chechet Swami, Parmanand Das, Govindswamy were products of this age. Joining this poetic galaxy was emperor’s own son, Prince Sultan Daniyal. Emperor Jehangir has lauded his brother’s Hindi poetry in his chronicle known as Tuzk e Jehangiri.

It is also a fantastic fallacy of history to attribute founding of a new faith, ‘Din e Ilahi’ to emperor Akbar. Akbar himself was unlettered. Death of his erudite father Babur early in the childhood did not allow him to attain education. But what he missed by pedagogy, he tried to attain through proximity to a wide ranging ulema and scholars. Governance of a country of as vast a diversity as India imparted a rare catholicity to his outlook. Be it Purkottham Brahman or Sheikh Tajuddin, Portuguese missionaries or Zoroastrian delegation from Navsari in Gujarat, all had free access to the emperor’s court. Their daily discourses, debates and arguments cast diverse influences on the emperor. All this led to Akbar developing a basic belief in the commonness of all religions but never to the extent of heresy against Islam and coercing his citizen to follow a new faith. Nevertheless, several apocryphal accounts have blended with history to prove that Akbar founded Din e Ilahi1. Firmans like ban on cow slaughter owed itself more to the respect for the sensitivities of Hindu subjects who worshipped cow as well as on advice of royal hakeems that cow beef caused several ailments and was not desirable from health point of view. Along with cow, the ban extended to buffalo, horses and camels too. His commandments with regard to appreciation of light (charagh afrozi) have been exaggerated to mean sun worship. The essence of Akbar’s catholic outlook was Sulhe kul or ‘general consensus’ among all religions on certain human values.

Long after Akbar, the Mughal court continued the tradition of cultural blending.

Ramayana was translated into Persian in a poetic style by Sheikh Saadullah during the tenure of Jehangir and was titled as Rama wo Seeta.2 Famous Sanskrit work Padmavat was rendered into Persian in 1617. Chitravalli, the Hindi poetry collection by poet Usman is creation of Jehangir’s age. Sheikh Nabi Hindi of Mhow compiled his Hindi poems in a book Gyan Deep, which is sufi-cum-romantic poetry.


Hindi poet Jagannath Pandit Raj was the most favourite poet of Shah Jehan on whom he conferred the titled of Kavi Rai. He appointed Hindi poet Sundar as poet laureate who later compiled Sundar Shringar. It was during Shah Jehan’s tenure that Maulana Abdur Rahman Chishti penned the dialogue between Mahadev and Parvathi and built up an analogy with Adam and Eve, the first ancestors of human beings according to the Islamic and Christian theology. He made a poetic translation of Geeta into Persian.

Dara Shikoh, the third son of Shah Jehan, wrote Majmaaul Bahrain wherein he tries to close the gap between Islam and Hinduism and considers them two springs from the same source. Mughal literary activity did not confine itself to on literary masterpieces. Dara Shikoh developed a deep understanding of rural ambience and compiled a book of farming tips tieled Nuskha dar Fanni Falahat (The Art of Agriculture)3.

Hindu-Muslim interaction went beyond literature and gave rise to several syncretic movements like Kabir Panthis, blending elements of faith and culture of both Hinduism and Islam. On a larger plane, even Sikhism and Arya Samaj represent the trend. But there are even less heard variants such as Sultani Jats of Jalandhar. They are known so as they are devotees of Sultan Sakhi Sarwar, a sage whose mausoleum is in Shahkot, now Pakistan. They eat only Halal meat. They are mostly peasants and smoke on huqqa. They set up Sultan ziyarat outside their villages. They clean this on Thursday evenings and light up lamps. This may not be pleasing to the ears of followers of Salafi Islam or other puritanical movements4.

Till 1947 they used to take out jatra to Shahkot’s mausoleum every year. Partition discontinued this tradition. During Sikh rule, the Sikh governor of Multan banned it and levied Rs. 100 as fine on every one who attempted at going on a jatra. But the practice could not be curbed. It continued to be in practice till Ludhiana and Jalandhar Gazetteers were started to publish.

Cultural interaction extended beyond the Hindi heartland. Sultan Nasir Shah (1282-1325) was fond of Bangla language. When he found that classical literary masterpieces were absent in Bangla, he commissioned the translation of Mahabharat and Ramayana in Bangla language. Sultan Hussain Shah appointed Maladhar Basu to translate Bhagwat Puranas in Bangla. Hussain Shah’s commander-in-chief Praful commissioned the second translation of Mahabharat. He appointed Jayasri Karan on the project.

Hindutva or Muslim zealots may be interested in projecting the ancient and medieval history into neat compartments of Hindu and Muslim history. But people have absorbed influences from each other’s faith, cultures, customs, ethos and habits. It is why one needs to look at South Asian Islam as it has been lived out, rather than from the doctrinal prism.

 

Notes and references


1-Accounts of a Portuguese Father in 1594 (Akbar died in 1606 after 50 years of rule) merely mention rumours about Akbar’s intention to found a new faith. Din e Ilahi does not find any mention among the chronicles of his age which are a legion. Famous chronicler Abul Fazal has titled his firmans as Aayeen e Rahnumaii (Constitutional Guidance). The term Din e Ilahi was first used in Dabistan e Mazahib, which was compiled nearly 70 years after emperor’s death.

2-Makhtutat e Farsi, India Office Library, Vol. 1

3- Nuskha Dar Fanni-Falahat (The Art of Agriculture) by Dara Shikoh and translated by Razia Akbar has been published by Asian Agri-History Foundation, 47-ICRISAT Colony-I, Brig. Sayeed Road, Secunderabad-500 009 in 2002.

4-Sheikh Mohammad Ikram, Aab-e-Kausar, Adabi Dunia, Matiamahal, New Delhi, 1991


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HEAD-COVER FOR WOMEN ORIGINATES FROM THE BIBLE

By Dr. Shabbir Ahmed  (Florida, USA)

(Dr. Shabbir Ahmed  can be contacted at 6440 NW 53rd Street, Lauderhill, Florida 33319 USA. He can be contacted by Telephone: 954-746-2115 or send email to drshabbir@galaxydastak.com )

The Hijab or wearing of the head-covering for women is not part of the Prophet's teachings, and is not found in the Qur'an.  It is a belief and a practice that was taken
by early Muslim scholars from the Christian Bible.

1 Corinthians, 11:5: ….but any woman who prays or prophesies with her head unveiled,
                                    Dishonors her head- it is the same as if her head were shaven.


1 Corinthians, 11:6:----For if a woman will not veil herself, then she should cut-off her
                                    Hair: but if it is disgraceful for a woman to be shorn or shaven, let  her wear a veil.

1 Corinthians, 11:10 –That is why a woman ought to have a veil on her head, because
                                    Of the angels.

1 Corinthians, 11:13 –Judge for yourself: is it proper for a woman to pray to God with
                                    Her head uncovered?


So the commandment for a woman to cover her head is in the Bible.  This belief has seeped into the Muslim belief and has now become part and parcel of the practice of Islam today.  The West has no problem with Catholicism putting its nuns in head-cover.
In Europe today Catholic schools still encourage young girls to take up the wearing of the Catholic head-cover.

Unfortunately, under the guise of modernity, the vast majority of Christians themselves
today are not following the teachings of the Bible – the large majority of Christian women do not cover the head.

( Hence it is the Muslim Ummah (people) who are very good Christians because they uphold these Bible teachings (amply aided, abetted and pressured by the antediluvian mullahs, of course! –Editor of Al-Balaagh, PO Box 1925, Lenasia 1820, South Africa)
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Un-Islamic Islam

Canadian Muslims 'need to stop behaving as though everything is normal'
By Imam Dr. Yahya Fadlalla
The Hamilton Spectator (Jul 10, 2006)

(Yahya Fadlalla is an Imam based in Hamilton. In addition to his Islamic education, he has expertise in terrorism with a doctorate in computer science --specializing in cyber-terrorism, cryptography and information warfare.)

In the aftermath of the 17 Toronto-area people charged with planning terrorist acts, we have to remember they are innocent until prosecuted fairly and transparently and proven guilty in a court of law -- not by the public, the media or our Prime Minister who already judged them: "They hate us because of our way of life."
We also have to remember that these are only 17 from about 750,000 Muslims in the greater Toronto area, most of whom are highly educated and a community with an extremely low crime rate.
In my opinion, Canada will likely face major terrorist acts in the future if certain things do not change. There are three aspects to this: government, media and the Muslim community. If all three are dealt with, I believe the problem can be confronted successfully.
No doubt the vast majority of Islamic establishments, such as mosques, work hard to better and benefit their communities. But some of them are tangled in many problems. It seems to me that the way some so-called imams or leaders run their mosques or organizations is akin to the way the countries they came from are run: by the iron fist of a dictator who seems not to look after anyone except himself, his goals or his ideology.
This is un-Islamic.
Where is our government while some of these organizations collect monies and/or receive funds from foreign lands with ties to terrorists, but are not audited?
Where was the government (and police) when wise Canadian Muslims brought to their attention violations of the law that occur in some mosques and the radical behaviours of some so-called imams and leaders?
As a matter of fact, government and police seem to put wind under the wings of these so-called imams or leaders by meeting and accepting them as liaisons to the Muslim community. In some cases some government officials seem to intentionally get close to the so-called leader or Imam in order to be invited by him to solicit votes from the community, indirectly and unconsciously helping him and his perilous ideology to prosper. This needs to change.
As for the media: They seem not to realize that they are pumping up people who are not only unqualified to give Islamic opinions as they do, but also do not represent the Muslim community. The media, to the insult of many Muslims, call these people community leaders or spokesmen.
The media seem to choose far-leftist Muslims who say the hijab (Muslim women's head-covering) is old-fashioned and must be abolished or state that there are horrifying "problems with Islam." The other faction the media appears to propagate is made up of extremists who classify any beardless Muslim man as an idiot sinner and view Jews and Christians with narrow-mindedness, declaring them Kafirs -- infidels who deserve kidnapping and beheading. (This is contrary to the Koran that calls them with respect Ahl-ul-Kitab --people of the scriptures revealed upon Moses and Jesus).
It is true that there are a few informed Muslim thinkers sporadically interviewed by the media, but much better can be done to depict a true picture of Islam and of Muslim Canadians. Why does the media use terms like "Muslim terrorists", "Muslim radicals" and "Muslim extremists"? Not only does the media seem to insist on using these terms but in publishing the views of some of those extremists, they help spread their radical ideologies.
It is a fact that there are extremists among Muslims, but why are they referred to by their religion? This taints Islam in the eyes of the public and consequently affect Muslims in their job searches and relationships with non-Muslim friends, neighbours, colleagues and, in some cases, family members.
This, in turn, creates and stirs anger in the Muslim community on top of the ongoing frustration caused by what their Muslim brothers and sisters are facing in Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine and other parts of the world. This anger usually appears to be directed towards the West, including Canada, while it creates sympathy toward Al-Qaeda and Taliban.
The media needs to correct certain practices when it comes to reporting on Muslims and Islam.
Muslim community involvement is important. It starts at home. The only fear parents seem have of the children and the Internet is pornography. But there are thousands of websites that give shocking details of how to, among other things, plan an attack, a hijack or kidnapping, and even tell what to do if you are apprehended.
It is possible for anyone to sit in a room with a computer and get the same information as if he or she were in a training camp in, for example, Afghanistan.
We Muslims also need to be aware of the mosque youths go to and the ideology of its imam and the people they associate with.
It is easier to recruit a 20-year-old who is in a crisis of identity and in search of his place in the community than it is to recruit someone who is in his 40s, married, with a job, career and life experience.
Many of our youths seem to have an identity crisis. A youth thinks he will be like a rock star in his community if he belongs to a group that has a good cause in his inexperienced, innocent and often coached views. However, seen pragmatically, some of these good causes are nothing but terrorism under fancy names such as jihad.
This is an un-Islamic jihad and is un-Islamic Islam.
Denial or marginalization of the problems exists in the Muslim community and the government. About the first week of June, our ambassador to the U.S., appearing before a senate committee in that country, downplayed the existence of terrorism in Canada -- while at the time the U.S. intelligence community (which surely cooperates with its Canadian counterpart) cited about 52 terrorist organizations in Canada.
Some so-called leaders and imams keep denying terrorism exists in the Muslim community.
Some others seem to wrongfully think that it is against Islamic teachings to describe a Muslim as an extremist; more grievously, they seem not to see themselves as such. On the contrary, they appear to consider themselves righteous.
Some others exaggerate and declare that the vast majority of mosques are penetrated by extremists.
These so-called leaders and imam do not realize (or perhaps they do) that they created communities amongst the one Muslim community (Wahhabis, Salafis, Tablighi Jamaat, Sufis, Shi'as, etc.) with their un-Islamic and self-serving ideologies.
Islam strongly teaches unity and abhors disunity and those who cause it (see Koran 3:104-105 and 6:159).
Another possible role of the Muslim community is to make sure what goes in the mosques and organizations is to best serve the interest and betterment of the community, and not serving the so-called imams or leaders who seem to seek meetings with the police and/or government officials to declare they do not condone terrorism and that they call and pray for peace within Canada.
If they sincerely do not condone terrorism, then why did not we see them organize demonstrations and rallies condemning terrorism as they did with controversial cartoons of Prophet Muhammad?
Away from the cameras, some of them seem to encourage hatred, declaring the Jews and Christians who are our neighbours and colleagues as infidels. They exalt their heroes of 9/11 as martyrs and take the devastation wrought by them as intrepidness.
Some so-called imams pray at the end of sermons on Fridays -- in front of gatherings that include energetic yet inexperienced youths -- for the destruction of Jews and Christians.
Upon hearing such prayers, a youth may very possibly start to hate his or her non-Muslim friends and neighbours and think it is his or her duty to pray for their destruction.
Such prayers, I would say, fall under a classification of a hate crime.
When the prayers are not answered, violence is seen as a solution. But, if non-Muslim Canadians were Kafirs, why then did these so-called imams and leaders leave their Muslim countries and come to live and stay in a land of infidels? The Koran says: "... why do you say what you do not, it is grievously hateful in the sight of God that you say what you do not." (Koran 28:3-4.)
Even with regards to unbelievers and infidels, the Koran tells Muslims: "God forbids you not with regards to those who fight you not for (your) faith nor drive you out of your homes, from dealing kindly and justly with them, for God Loves those who are just." (Koran 60:8.)
It is a fact on the tongues of Muslims that they have more rights, religious and otherwise, and freedom in Canada than they had in their Muslim countries.
Imams in general seem to forget that the congregations, especially youth, need to see sermons in actions and not only in words. Sermons can include and encourage respecting the law of the land (Canada), loving and protecting it.
Radicals exist everywhere and the fact that they exist in the Muslim community should not be a surprise to anyone. Did we Muslims fail to show that we are peacemakers and peace-lovers? It is time for us Muslims to stop denying our ills or blaming them on others.
Muslims must immediately stop behaving as if everything is normal. Perhaps before we Muslims make statements condemning extremism, we should first condemn those within us that are actively promoting it.
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